S.I.F. Study is fun

Our Objective Our objective is to determine the pH of the given sample using; pH paper  Universal indicator The Theory There are millions of chemical substances in the world, some are acids, others are bases and some are neutral.   Acids and Bases Acids are  substances that produce free hydrogen ions (H +  ions) when dissolved in water.   Bases are substances that produce hydroxyl ions (OH -  ions) when dissolved in water. Acidic solutions are rich in hydrogen ions and basic solutions are poor in hydrogen ions. Some acids dissociate only partly, releasing very small amounts of H +  ions, and are called weak acids. Others dissociate completely, releasing large amounts of H +  ions, and are called strong acids. In the same way, bases that dissociate partly are called weak bases and those that dissociate completely are called strong bases. pH of a Solution The acidic or basic property of substances is measured in terms of pH. It is a measurement of the hydrogen ion c

Young's Modulus Our Objective Our aim is to determine the Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a given wire using Searle’s apparatus. The Theory Before we move ahead, do you know what a Searle’s apparatus is? Searle’s apparatus consists of two metal frames F1 and F2. Each frame has a torsion head at the upper side and a hook at the lower side. These frames are suspended from two wires AB and CD of same material, length and cross-section. The upper ends of the wires are screwed tightly in two torsion heads fixed in the same rigid support. A spirit level rests horizontally with  one end hinged in the frame F2. The other end of the spirit level rests on the tip of a spherometer screw, fitted in the frame F1. The spherometer screw can be rotated up and down along a vertical pitch scale marked in millimeters. The two frames are kept together by cross bars E1 and E2.  Do you know Searle’s apparatus works on the principle of Hooke’s law?  Hooke’s law can be e

Surface Tension Objective To determine the surface tension of a liquid by capillary rise method. Theory How do you define surface tension? Surface tension is the property of a liquid, by virtue of which its free surface at rest behaves like an elastic skin or a stretched rubber membrane, with a tendency to contract so as to occupy minimum surface area. This property is caused by cohesion of molecules and is responsible for much of the behaviors of liquids. The property of surface tension is revealed, for example, by the ability of some objects to float on the surface of water, even though they are denser than water.  Surface tension is also seen in the ability of some insects, such as water striders, and even reptiles like basilisk, to run on the water’s surface.            The Theory Behind Surface Tension Surface tension has been well- explained by the molecular theory of matter. According to this theory, cohesive forces among liquid molecules are responsible