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Objectives To prepare a standard solution of sodium carbonate. To determine the strength of a given solution of hydrochloric acid by titrating it against  standard sodium carbonate solution. The Theory What is Titration? One of the important methods in Quantitative Analysis is Volumetric Analysis, a commonly used laboratory technique. It is used to determine the unknown concentration of a sample by measuring its volume. This process is also called titration. In a titration, a solution of unknown concentration is reacted with a solution of known concentration. The solution taken in the burette is called the titrant and the solution taken in the conical flask is called the analyte. What does the end point of a titration mean? The endpoint of a titration is the point at which the reaction between the titrant and the analyte becomes complete. Generally the endpoint of a titration is determined using indicators. What is a standard solution? A solution of known concentrat

Purification of Impure Samples by Crystallization Theory Our Objective Our Objective is to prepare the crystals of the following substances form their impure samples through crystallisation Copper sulphate Potash alum Benzoic acid  The Theory What happens during crystallisation? The chemicals used for various purposes should be pure, completely free from any type of impurities. Method of purification of a substance depends upon the nature of impurities present in it. There are various methods for the purification of substances, e.g., filtration, evaporation, decantation, distillation, and crystallization. Crystallisation is one of the very important purification techniques, purifying substances by removing unwanted by-products. Crystalline compounds are generally purified via this crystallisation process. The principle behind the crystallisation is that the amount of solute that can be dissolved by a solvent increases with temperature. In crystallisation, the imp